Geachte lezers,
Naar aanleiding van de tussen de zionistische troepen en de Palestijnen [met steun van enkele
nieuw onafhankelijk geworden Arabische landen] gevoerde oorlog in 1948 , waarin grootschalige Palestijnse
etnische zuiveringen hebben plaatsgevonden [de Nakba] werd op 11 december 1948
VN Algemene Vergaderingsresolutie 194 aangenomen, waarin het recht op terugkeer van de verdreven
Palestijnse vluchtelingen werd vastgelegd.
Letterlijk stond daarover vermeld:
“Resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible;”
Dit recht op terugkeer is tot op de dag van vandaag niet door Israel erkend.
Het kader waarin het was gegoten, een VN Algemene Vergaderingsresolutie, houdt in, dat het, in tegenstelling
tot een VN Veiligheidsraadsresolutie, geen bindend karakter heeft.
Toch gaat er wel degelijk bindende rechtskracht vanuit
Hieronder een overzicht
| General Assembly |  |
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A/RES/186 (S-2) 14 May 1948 |
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186 (S-2). Appointment and terms of reference of a
United Nations Mediator in Palestine
United Nations Mediator in Palestine
The General Assembly,
Taking account of the present situation in regard to Palestine,
I
Strongly affirms its support of the efforts of the Security Council to secure a truce in Palestine and calls upon all Governments, organizations and persons to co-operate in making effective such a truce;
II
1. Empowers a United Nations Mediator in Palestine, to be chosen by a committee of the General Assembly composed of representatives of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, to exercise the following functions:(a) To use his good offices with the local and community authorities in Palestine to:(i) Arrange for the operation of common services necessary to the safety and well-being of the population of Palestine;(ii) Assure the protection of the Holy Places, religious buildings and sites in Palestine;(iii) Promote a peaceful adjustment of the future situation of Palestine;(b) To co-operate with the Truce Commission for Palestine appointed by the Security Council in its resolution of 23 April 1948;1/(c) To invite, as seems to him advisable, with a view to the promotion of the welfare of the inhabitants of Palestine, the assistance and co-operation of appropriate specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the World health Organization, of the International Red Cross, and of other governmental or non-governmental organizations of a humanitarian and non-political character;
2. Instructs the United Nations mediator to render progress reports monthly, or more frequently as he deems necessary, to the Security Council and to the Secretary-General for transmission to the Members of the United Nations;
3. Directs the United Nations Mediator to conform in his activities with the provisions of this resolution, and with such instructions as the General Assembly or the Security Council may issue;
4. Authorizes the Secretary-General to pay the United Nations Mediator an emolument equal to that paid to the President of the International Court of Justice, and to provide the Mediator with the necessary staff to assist in carrying out the functions assigned to the Mediator by the General Assembly;
III
Relieves the Palestine Commission from the further exercise of responsibilities under resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947.2/
AV RESOLUTIE 186, 14 MEI 1948, Appointment and terms of reference of a
United Nations Mediator in Palestine
The General Assembly,Having considered further the situation in Palestine,
……..
……..
Resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible;Instructs the Conciliation Commission to facilitate the repatriation, resettlement and economic and social rehabilitation of the refugees and the payment of compensation, and to maintain close relations with the Director of the United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees and, through him, with the appropriate organs and agencies of the United Nations;”
AV RESOLUTIE 194 [III], 11 DECEMBER 1948, Palestine — Progress Report of the
United Nations Mediator
RECHT OP TERUGKEER PALESTIJNSE VLUCHTELINGEN
”No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.”
ARTIKEL 12, 4, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
[BUPO VERDRAG]
”Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.”
ARTIKEL 49, 4E CONVENTIE VAN GENEVE
”” “It is … undeniable that no settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the right of the Arab refugee to return to the home from which he has been dislodged by the hazards and strategy of the armed conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The majority of these refugees have come from territory which … was to be included in the Jewish State. The exodus of Palestinian Arabs resulted from panic created by fighting in their communities, by rumours concerning real or alleged acts of terrorism, or expulsion. It would be an offence against the principles of elemental justice if these innocent victims of the conflict were denied the right to return to their homes while Jewish immigrants flow into Palestine, and, indeed, at least offer the threat of permanent replacement of the Arab refugees who have been rooted in the land for centuries.”
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE, UN MEDIATOR
BRON
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE
VN ALGEMENE VERGADERINGSRESOLUTIE 194 [111] EN HET INTERNATIONAAL RECHT
VN AV resolutie 194 [1] heeft wel degelijk een geldende rechtskracht, NIET als AV resolutie
an sich, maar omdat het principe van het terugkeerrecht van vluchtelingen wordt onderschreven in het
Internationaal Recht.
Belangrijk daarbij is te vermelden, dat op het moment van aanname van 194 reeds bekend was, dat de vluchtelingen grotendeels [naast vluchten vanwege de paniek van de door de zionisten gevoerde vuile
oorlog in 1948] verdreven waren.
Dat bleek uit onder andere de bevindingen en uitspraken [2] van de in september 1948 door een zionistische terreurgroep Stern Gang
gedode VN bemiddelaar Graaf Folke Bernadotte [3], die hierboven ook staan vermeld.
Op dat verdrijvingsaspect leg ik de nadruk ivm artikel 49, 4e Conventie van Geneve [4].
Maar eerst de instelling van een VN bemiddelaar Graaf Bernadotte
INSTELLING VN BEMIDDELAAR GRAAF BERNADOTTE
Die instelling kwam tot stand door middel van VN AV resolutie 186 dd 14 mei 1948 [5] en de aanleiding
vormde het na de in december 1947 aangenomen Verdeelplan voor Palestina [AV Resolutie 181] geintensifeerde
gewapende conflict tussen de zionisten en de Palestijnse bevolking [met steun van pas onafhankelijke Syrie, Jordanie, Egypte, Irak en Libanon] EN de unilaterale uitroeping van de Staat Israel op 14 mei 1948 [6]
De etnische zuiveringen van Palestijnen waren toen al in volle gang. [7]
Graaf Bernadotte werd tot VN bemiddelaar benoemd en constateerde al snel de etnische zuiveringen
van de Palestijnen en protesteerde daartegen [8], reden, dat hij in september 1948 uit de weg geruimd werd
door de zionistische terreurbende de Stern. [9]
In VN Veiligheidsraadsresolutie 57 van 18 september 1948 werd de dodelijke aanslag op hem veroordeeld [10] en het is aan zijn
inspanningen, waaraan voor een belangrijk deel wordt gerefereerd in VN AV resolutie 194 [11].
AV RESOLUTIE 194 EN INTERNATIONAAL RECHT
Een VN Veiligheidsraadsresolutie [zoals VN Veiligheidsraadsresolutie 242] heeft bindende rechtskracht .
Een Algemene Vergaderingsresolutie niet.
Toch kan een AV resolutie die indirect krijgen, als deze is gestoeld op
onmiskenbare internationaalrechtelijke beginselen.
En dat is zo bij AV resolutie 194, omdat daarop van toepassing zijn het internationaalrechtelijk
erkende recht van vluchtelingen om terug te keren naar hun land van herkomst [12] en het verbod op
etnische zuiveringen.
BUPO VERDRAG/RECHT OP TERUGKEER VLUCHTELINGEN
”No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.”
ARTIKEL 12, 4, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
[BUPO VERDRAG]
Het recht op terugkeer van vluchtelingen is vastgelegd in het Bupo Verdrag [13]
Ook in de Universele Verklaring van de Rechten van de Mens, artikel 13 [14], maar de Universele Verklaring
isweliswaar van grote morele betekenis, maar in stricte zin niet bindend, al heeft het in de loop
der jaren een vrij hoge status gekregen [15]
Het BUPO Verdrag is echter een bindend internationaalrechtelijk Verdrag.
ARTIKEL 49, 4E CONVENTIE VAN GENEVE/VERBOD OP ETNISCHE ZUIVERINGEN
Artikel 49, 4e Conventie van Geneve, verbiedt etnische zuiveringen, waarvan de Palestijnen
in de oorlog van 1948 slachtoffer zijn geworden [16]
Dat het etnische zuiveringen [expulsions] waren, was al in 1948 bekend en geconstateerd door
VN bemiddelaar Bernadotte [17]
Hieruit vloeit dus voort, dat het aan de etnische gezuiverde vluchtelingen [maar ook aan de vluchtelingen,
die anderszijds gevlucht zijn] recht gedaan moet worden en daarin voorziet VN AV resolutie 194, die trouwens
talloze malen als resolutie herhaald wordt in andere AV resoluties, die betrekking hebben op de positie van/
hulp aan Palestijnse vluchtelingen [18]
Ook dat versterkt de status van AV resolutie 194, al is deze dan ook niet bindend.
Het Internationaal Recht [BUPO en 4e Conventie van Geneve] is dat wel.
TOETREDING ISRAEL TOT DE VN
Toen VN AV resolutie 194 werd aangenomen, was Israel nog geen VN lid en had daarin geen stem.
Maar het behoeft, de geschiedenis van het conflict kennende, geen verbazing te wekken, dat Israel
altijd tegen heeft gestemd, wanneer het ging om de erkenning van het Palestijnse recht op terugkeer.
Israel werd VN lid middels VN AV resolutie 273 dd 11 mei 1949 [19] op aanbeveling van VN Veiligheidsraadsresolutie
69 dd 4 maart 1949 [20]
Het was sowieso absurd en een bespotting van het Handvest van de VN, dat Israel als lid werd toegelaten
en een ”vreedzame Staat” genoemd werd na de etnische zuiveringen van de Palestijnen, die toen reeds bekend
waren en de aanname van AV resolutie 194 in december 1948 [toelating Israel was in mei 1949], met welks
uitvoering geen enkele aanstalte was gemaakt.
En daarbij onderschreef Israel de toelatingseisen van de VN helemaal niet, wat o.a.
vereiste respect voor ”de fundamentele rechten van de mens” ”de waardigheid en de waarde van de menselijke persoon”
en inzet voor ”gerechtigheid” [21]
Tot zover dus enkele internationaalrechtelijke aspecten van VN AV resolutie 194.
Het recht op terugkeer van vluchtelingen uit welk conflict dan ook en de rechten van
vluchtelingen in het algemeen, behoren tot een van de meest fundamentele mensenrechten.
Vriendelijke groeten
Astrid Essed
[1]
NEDERLANDS PALESTINA KOMITEE
DE BETEKENIS VAN VN RESOLUTIE 194 [III]
[2]
”” “It is … undeniable that no settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the right of the Arab refugee to return to the home from which he has been dislodged by the hazards and strategy of the armed conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The majority of these refugees have come from territory which … was to be included in the Jewish State. The exodus of Palestinian Arabs resulted from panic created by fighting in their communities, by rumours concerning real or alleged acts of terrorism, or expulsion. It would be an offence against the principles of elemental justice if these innocent victims of the conflict were denied the right to return to their homes while Jewish immigrants flow into Palestine, and, indeed, at least offer the threat of permanent replacement of the Arab refugees who have been rooted in the land for centuries.”
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE, UN MEDIATOR
[3]
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE
[4]
”Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.”
ARTIKEL 49, 4E CONVENTIE VAN GENEVE
[5]
AV RESOLUTIE 186, 14 MEI 1948, Appointment and terms of reference of a
United Nations Mediator in Palestine
[6]
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE, UN MEDIATOR
WIKIPEDIA
ISRAELI DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
[7]
PALESTINE LINK
DE ETNISCHE ZUIVERING VAN PALESTINA
60 JAAR ISRAEL OF DE VIERING VAN LANDDIEFSTAL EN ETNISCHE ZUIVERINGEN
ASTRID ESSED
JUNI 2008
DISASTER OVER PALESTINE/THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEE PROBLEM
AND THE IDEOLOGY OF TRANSFER
ASTRID ESSED
2007
[8]
”” “It is … undeniable that no settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the right of the Arab refugee to return to the home from which he has been dislodged by the hazards and strategy of the armed conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The majority of these refugees have come from territory which … was to be included in the Jewish State. The exodus of Palestinian Arabs resulted from panic created by fighting in their communities, by rumours concerning real or alleged acts of terrorism, or expulsion. It would be an offence against the principles of elemental justice if these innocent victims of the conflict were denied the right to return to their homes while Jewish immigrants flow into Palestine, and, indeed, at least offer the threat of permanent replacement of the Arab refugees who have been rooted in the land for centuries.”
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE, UN MEDIATOR
[9]
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE
[10]
| Security Council | |
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S/RES/57 (1948) 18 September 1948 |
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57 (1948). Resolution of 18 September 1948
The Security Council,
Deeply shocked by the tragic death of the United Nations Mediator in Palestine, Count Folke Bernadotte, as the result of a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists in Jerusalem while the United Nations representative was fulfilling his peace-seeking mission in the Holy Land,
Resolves:
1. To request the Secretary-General to keep the flag of the United Nations at half-mast for a period of three days;
2. To authorize the Secretary-General to meet from the Working Capital Fund all expenses connected with the death and burial of the United Nations Mediator;
3. To be represented at the internment by the President or the person whom he may appoint for the occasion.
Adopted unanimously at the 358th meeting.
SECURITY COUNCIL, RESOLUTION OF 18 SEPTEMBER 1948
[11]
WIKIPEDIA
RESOLUTIE 194, ALGEMENE VERGADERING VERENIGDE NATIES
WIKIPEDIA
UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 194
AV RESOLUTIE 194 [III], 11 DECEMBER 1948, Palestine — Progress Report of the
United Nations Mediator
RECHT OP TERUGKEER PALESTIJNSE VLUCHTELINGEN
[12]
WIKIPEDIA
RIGHT OF RETURN
WIKIPEDIA
PALESTINIAN RIGHT OF RETURN
[13]
”No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.”
ARTIKEL 12, 4, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
[BUPO VERDRAG]
[14]
Artikel 13
- Een ieder heeft het recht zich vrijelijk te verplaatsen en te vertoeven binnen de grenzen van elke Staat.
- Een ieder heeft het recht welk land ook, met inbegrip van het zijne, te verlaten en naar zijn land terug te keren.
UNIVERSELE VERKLARING VAN DE RECHTEN VAN DE MENS, ARTIKEL 13
[15]
WIKIPEDIA
UNIVERSELE VERKLARING VAN DE RECHTEN VAN DE MENS
[16]
”Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.”
ARTIKEL 49, 4E CONVENTIE VAN GENEVE
[17]
”’ “It is … undeniable that no settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the right of the Arab refugee to return to the home from which he has been dislodged by the hazards and strategy of the armed conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The majority of these refugees have come from territory which … was to be included in the Jewish State. The exodus of Palestinian Arabs resulted from panic created by fighting in their communities, by rumours concerning real or alleged acts of terrorism, or expulsion. It would be an offence against the principles of elemental justice if these innocent victims of the conflict were denied the right to return to their homes while Jewish immigrants flow into Palestine, and, indeed, at least offer the threat of permanent replacement of the Arab refugees who have been rooted in the land for centuries.”
WIKIPEDIA
FOLKE BERNADOTTE, UN MEDIATOR
[18]
WIKIPEDIA
LIST OF UN RESOLUTIONS CONCERNING ISRAEL AND PALESTINE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS
[19]
WIKIPEDIA
UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 273
| General Assembly | |
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A/RES/273 (III) 11 May 1949 |
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273 (III). Admission of Israel to membership in the United Nations
Having received the report of the Security Council on the application of Israel for membership in the United Nations,1/
Noting that, in the judgment of the Security Council, Israel is a peace-loving State and is able and willing to carry out the obligations contained in the Charter,
Noting that the Security Council has recommended to the General Assembly that it admit Israel to membership in the United Nations,
Noting furthermore the declaration by the State of Israel that it “unreservedly accepts the obligations of the United Nations Charter and undertakes to honour them from the day when it becomes a Member of the United Nations”,2/
Recalling its resolutions of 29 November 1947 3/ and 11 December 1948 4/ and taking note of the declarations and explanations made by the representative of the Government of Israel 5/ before the ad hocPolitical Committee in respect of the implementation of the said resolutions,
The General Assembly,
Acting in discharge of its functions under Article 4 of the Charter and rule 125 of its rules of procedure,
1. Decides that Israel is a peace-loving State which accepts the obligations contained in the Charter and is able and willing to carry out those obligations;
2. Decides to admit Israel to membership in the United Nations.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
ADMISSION OF ISRAEL TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS
[20]
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 69
| Security Council | |
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S/RES/69 (1949) S/1277 4 March 1949 |
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69 (1949). Resolution of 4 March 1949[S/1277]
The Security Council,Having received and considered the application of Israel for membership in the United Nations,1/1. Decides in its judgement that Israel is a peace-loving State and is able and willing to carry out the obligations contained in the Charter, and accordingly,2. Recommends to the General Assembly that it admit Israel to membership in the United Nations.Adopted at the 414th meeting by 9 votes to 1 (Egypt), with 1 abstention (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY RESOLUTION 69
Artikel 4
-
1.Het Lidmaatschap van de Verenigde Naties staat open voor alle andere vredelievende staten die de in dit Handvest vervatte verplichtingen aanvaarden en die, naar het oordeel van de Organisatie, in staat en bereid zijn deze verplichtingen na te komen.
HANDVEST VAN DE VERENIGDE NATIES
[21]
”VASTBESLOTEN
komende geslachten te behoeden voor de gesel van de oorlog, die tweemaal in ons leven onnoemelijk leed over de mensheid heeft gebracht, en
opnieuw ons vertrouwen te bevestigen in de fundamentele rechten van de mens, in de waardigheid en de waarde van de menselijke persoon, in gelijke rechten voor mannen en vrouwen, alsmede voor grote en kleine naties, en
omstandigheden te scheppen waaronder gerechtigheid, alsmede eerbied voor de uit verdragen en andere bronnen van internationaal recht voortvloeiende verplichtingen kunnen worden gehandhaafd…..”
HANDVEST VAN DE VERENIGDE NATIES