[1]
Richard Neville, de 16de Graaf van Warwick, werd bekend als ”the Kingmaker”omdat hij twee koningen in het zadel heeft geholpen, eerst zijn neef Edward, de 7de Earl [Graaf] of March en zoon van Richard, hertog van York.Edward werd na een aantal overwinningen op de Lancasters, in 1461,tot koning gekroond, waarbij Warwick een beslissende rol speelde.Nadat er een breuk was ontstaan met zijn neef, koning Edward IV, trachtte Warwick George Plantagenet, de broer van Edward IV, die inmiddels metWarwick’s dochter getrouwd was [tegen de wil van Edward IV], op de troon te brengen.Toen dat mislukte, liep Warwick over naar de kant van Lancaster, zette de in 1461 afgezette koning Hendrik VI weer op de troon en bracht een huwelijktot stand tussen zijn jongste dochter Anne Neville en de zoon van koning Hendrik VI en zijn strijdbare vrouw, Margaretha van Anjou, Edward van Westminster.Tenslotte sneuvelde Warwick in de slag bij Barnet, de eindstrijd tegen zijnneef, koning Edward IV [die vanuit ballingschap in Bourgondie met een leger naar Engeland was teruggekeerd.
ZIE OP WIKIPEDIA:
”After a failed plot to crown Edward’s brother, George, Duke of Clarence, Warwick instead restored Henry VI to the throne.”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
LUMINARIUMRICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF WARWICK
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warwick.htm
[2]
YOUTUBE.COMBRITAIN’S BLOODY CROWNTHE KINGMAKER MUST DIE[WARS OF THE ROSES DOCUMENTARY]
[3]
NEVILL FEASTA GLIMPSE AT WARWICK’S NATURAL DAUGHTER MARGARET
https://nevillfeast.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/a-glimpse-at-warwicks-natural-daughter-margaret/
ONCE UPON A TIME IN HISTORYMARGARET ALMOST-NEVILLE
http://cupboardworld.blogspot.com/2014/08/margaret-almost-neville.html
[4]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF EDGECOTE MOOR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moor
LUMINARIUMTHE BATTLE OF EDGECOTE
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edgecote.htm
[5]
WIKIPEDIA RICHARD II OF ENGLAND
[6]
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
”Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.[2] It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.[98] However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, great-grandson of Edward III’s second surviving son, Lionel. Bolingbroke’s father, John of Gaunt, was Edward’s third son to survive to adulthood”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND/DOWNFALL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Downfall
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA RICHARD II OF ENGLAND
[7]
Door tijdgenoten werd het conflict ”Cousins war” genoemd, omdat de Huizen Lancaster en York aan elkaar verwant waren, beiden behorend tot het Huis Plantagenet, en zij cousins [neven, vaak verre neven] van elkaar waren.De term ”Rozenoorlogen”, verwijzend naar de symbolen de Witte Roos [Huis van York] en de Rode Roos [Huis van Lancaster] is pas een eeuw later in zwang gekomen, met name door Shakespeare’s koningsdrama ”Henry VI, bestaande uit drie delenIn deel 1 romantiseert Shakespeare de gebeurtenissen [er is geen enkel historisch bewijs voor, dat het ook zo is gegaan] door de vertegenwoordigers van het Huis van York en Het Huis van Lancaster een respectievelijk witte en rode roos te laten plukken als ”strijd” symbool:
‘PLANTAGENET
Since you are tongue-tied and so loath to speak,
In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts:
Let him that is a true-born gentleman
And stands upon the honour of his birth,
If he suppose that I have pleaded truth,
From off this brier pluck a white rose with me.
Let him that is no coward nor no flatterer,
But dare maintain the party of the truth,
Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me.
I love no colours, and without all colour
Of base insinuating flattery
I pluck this white rose with Plantagenet.
I pluck this red rose with young Somerset
And say withal I think he held the right.
Stay, lords and gentlemen, and pluck no more,
Till you conclude that he upon whose side
The fewest roses are cropp’d from the tree
Shall yield the other in the right opinion.
Good Master Vernon, it is well objected:
If I have fewest, I subscribe in silence.
RICHARD
Then for the truth and plainness of the case.
I pluck this pale and maiden blossom here,
Giving my verdict on the white rose side.
Prick not your finger as you pluck it off,
Lest bleeding you do paint the white rose red
And fall on my side so, against your will.
If I my lord, for my opinion bleed,
Opinion shall be surgeon to my hurt
And keep me on the side where still I am.
Unless my study and my books be false,
The argument you held was wrong in you:
Here in my scabbard, meditating that
Shall dye your white rose in a bloody red.
RICHARD
Meantime your cheeks do counterfeit our roses;
For pale they look with fear, as witnessing
The truth on our side.
SHAKESPEARE, HENRY VI, PART ONE, SCENE IV,
LONDON, THE TEMPLE GARDEN
http://shakespeare.mit.edu/1henryvi/full.html
”PLANTAGENET” IS RICHARD PLANTAGENET, DE HERTOG VAN YORK, MET ALS SYMBOOL DE WITTE ROOS
SOMERSET, HENRY BEAUFORT, POLITIEKE TEGENSTANDER VAN DE HERTOG VAN YORK EN BEHOREND TOT DE ONWETTIGE TAK VAN HET HUIS LANCASTER, MET ALS SYMBOOL DE RODE ROOS
[8]
WIKIPEDIA
WARS OF THE ROSES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
WARS OF THE ROSES/CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES/A TRAVEL TO THE PAST
ASTRID ESSED
3 FEBRUARY 2015
[9]
WIKIPEDIAFIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans
[10]
WIKIPEDIAENMITY OF MARGARET AND THE DUKE OF YORK
ORIGINELE BRONWIKIPEDIA MARGARET OF ANJOU
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou
ENGLISH HISTORY/THE WARS OF THE ROSES/MARGARET OF ANJOU AND RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK, TWO MAJOR PLAYERSASTRID ESSED11 JANUARY 2015
https://www.astridessed.nl/english-historythe-wars-of-the-rosesmargaret-of-anjou-and-richard-duke-of-york-two-major-players/
[11]
”Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset,[a]KG ( c. 1406 – 22 May 1455), was an English nobleman and an important figure in the Wars of the Roses and in the Hundred Years’ War. He also succeeded in the title of 4th Earl of Somersetand was created 1st Earl of Dorset and 1st Marquess of Dorset (previously held by his father and later forfeited), and Count of Mortain. He was known for his deadly rivalry with Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York.”
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND OF BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset
HOUSE OF BEAUFORT
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
[12]
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND/DOWNFALL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Downfall
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND
[13]
Toen de laatste koning uit het Franse geslacht Capet, koning Charles IV overleed, was zijn naaste mannelijke bloedverwant de zoon van zijn zusterIsabella of France, de Engelse koning Edward IIIDe Franse troon werd door zijn moeder Isabella [die toen de macht achter de troon was] voor hem geclaimd, maar aangezien vrouwen in Frankrijk waren uitgesloten van de erfopvolging, kon de zoon van een vrouw [Isabella was de dochter van de in 1314 overleden koning Philips IV en zuster van Charles IV]ook niet opvolgen
Gevolg was uiteindelijk, dat Edward III later de Honderdjarige Oorlog startteom de Franse troon te bemachtigen
WIKIPEDIAHUNDRED YEAR’S WAR/ORIGIN OF THE CONFLICT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War#Origin_of_the_conflict
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA HUNDRED YEARS WAR
[14]
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD, THE BLACK PRINCE
[15]
WIKIPEDIAPRIMOGENITURE
[16]
KONING HENRY I, ZOON VAN WILLEM DE VEROVERAAR, LIET DE EDELEN ZWEREN, ZIJN ENIG OVERGEBLEVEN KIND, DOCHTER MATHILDA, TE ERKENNEN ALS KONINGIN VAN ENGELANDDIT DEDEN ZE ZEER TEGEN HUN ZIN, MAAR NA DE DOOD VAN HENRY I KWAMEN DE EDELEN DAARTEGEN IN OPSTAND EN CLAIMDE DE NEEF VAN MATHILDA, STEPHEN VAN BLOIS, EEN KLEINZOON VAN WILLEN DE VEROVERAAR VAN MOEDERSKANT, DE TROONEEN JARENLANGE STRIJD TUSSEN MATHILDA EN STEPHEN BRANDDE LOS, DE ANARCHY GENAAMD, MAAR EINDIGDE TOCH IN EEN OVERWINNING VOOR MATHILDA, OMDAT IN HET VERDRAG VAN WALLINFORD [OOK WEL BEKEND ALS VERDRAG VAN WINCHESTER] WERD BEPAALD, DAT STEPHEN TIJDENS ZIJN LEVEN KONING ZOU ZIJN, MAAR DAT MATHILDA’S ZOON, DE LATERE HENRY II [VADER VAN RICHARD LEEUWENHART EN JAN ZONDER LAND] HEM ZOU OPVOLGEN
ZIE:
”Meanwhile, Matilda’s younger brother, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster of 1120, leaving Matilda’s father and England facing a potential succession crisis. On Emperor Henry V’s death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father, who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. Henry I had no further legitimate children and nominated Matilda as his heir, making his court swear an oath of loyalty to her and her successors, but the decision was not popular in the Anglo-Norman court. Henry died in 1135, but Matilda and Geoffrey faced opposition from Anglo-Norman barons. The throne was instead taken by Matilda’s cousin Stephen of Blois, who enjoyed the backing of the English Church. Stephen took steps to solidify his new regime but faced threats both from neighbouring powers and from opponents within his kingdom.”
WIKIPEDIA EMPRESS MATHILDA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda
WIKIPEDIATHE ANARCHY
”Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him. Other conditions included:
- Stephen promised to listen to Henry’s advice, but retained all his royal powers;
- Stephen’s remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands;
- Key royal castles would be held on Henry’s behalf by guarantors, whilst Stephen would have access to Henry’s castles;
- The numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home.[4]
Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral.[5] Henry II later rewarded Wallingford for its assistance in the struggle by giving the town its royal charter in 1155.”
TREATY OF WALLINGFORD/TERMS OF THE TREATY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wallingford#Terms_of_the_treaty
ORIGINELE BRON
TREATY OF WALLINGFORD
THE WARS OF THE ROSES/LANCASTER AND YORK/USURPATION AND THE RIGHT TO THE THRONE THROUGH FEMALESASTRID ESSED17 FEBRUARY 2015
https://www.astridessed.nl/the-wars-of-the-roseslancaster-and-yorkusurpation-and-the-right-to-the-throne-through-females-2/
[17]
‘Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.[2] It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.[98] However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, great-grandson of Edward III’s second surviving son, Lionel. Bolingbroke’s father, John of Gaunt, was Edward’s third son to survive to adulthood”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND/DOWNFALL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Downfall
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA RICHARD II OF ENGLAND
YOUTUBE.COMBRITAIN’S BLOODIEST DYNASTYTYRANNYPART 4 OF 4[RICHARD II]
”Henry IV (15 April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke (/ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/), was King of England from 1399 to 1413.”
WIKIPEDIAHENRY IV OF ENGLAND
[18]
WIKIPEDIAHENRY IV OF ENGLAND
[19]
Voor het eerst in de geschiedenis van het Huis Plantagenet was met afzetting van een koning de erfelijke lijn verbroken:Er was al eerder een koning afgezet, koning Edward II, door toedoen van zijn van hem vervreemde vrouw, Isabella of France en haar bondgenoot [wellicht minnaar] Roger Mortimer, maar dat was geweest ten gunste van zijn [Edward II’s] eigen zoon, de latere Edward III, waarmee de opvolgingslijn niet werd verbroken
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD II OF ENGLAND
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
[20]
JOHN OF GAUNT, OFTEWEL JAN VAN GENT, WERD HERTOG VAN LANCASTER ”JURE UXORIS”/BIJ HET RECHT VAN ZIJN VROUWZIJN VROUW, BLANCHE VAN LANCASTER, WAS DE DOCHTER VAN HENRY GROSMONT, HERTOG VAN LANCASTER EN JOHN OF GAUNT ERFDE BIJ DE DOOD VAN ZIJN SCHOONVADER DIENS HERTOGELIJKE TITELBLANCHE OF LANCASTER WAS DE MOEDER VAN DE LATERE KONING HENRY IV [HENRY OF BOLINGBROKE], DIE ZIJN NEEF,KONING RICHARD II, AFZETTE ALS KONING
ZIE
”Jure uxoris (a Latin phrase meaning “by right of (his) wife”[1][2]) is a title of nobility used by a man because his wife holds the office or title suo jure (“in her own right”). Similarly, the husband of an heiress could become the legal possessor of her lands. For example, married women in England were legally incapable of owning real estate until the Married Women’s Property Act 1882.
WIKIPEDIAJURE UXORIS
WIKIPEDIAJOHN OF GAUNT
”On 19 May 1359 at Reading Abbey, John married his third cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, younger of the two daughters of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. Both shared a common descent from King Henry III. The wealth she brought to the marriage was the foundation of John’s fortune. Blanche died on 12 September 1368 at Tutbury Castle, while her husband was overseas.
WIKIPEDIAJOHN OF GAUNT/MARRIAGES
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAJOHN OF GAUNT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt
WIKIPEDIABLANCHE OF LANCASTER
”Henry was the son of John of Gaunt (the fourth son of Edward III) and Blanche of Lancaster. ”
WIKIPEDIAHENRY IV OF ENGLAND
[21]
WIKIPEDIALIONEL OF ANTWERP, 1ST DUKE OF CLARENCE
[22]
Philippa of Clarence (16 August 1355 – 5 January 1382) was the suo jureCountess of Ulster.
WIKIPEDIAPHILIPPA, 5TH COUNTESS OF ULSTER
[23]
‘Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.[2] It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.[98] However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, great-grandson of Edward III’s second surviving son, Lionel. Bolingbroke’s father, John of Gaunt, was Edward’s third son to survive to adulthood”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND/DOWNFALL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Downfall
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA RICHARD II OF ENGLAND
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
[24]
”Born on 27 December 1388,[2][3][4] Anne Mortimer was the eldest of the four children of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (1374–1398), and Eleanor Holland(1370–1405).[3] She had two brothers, Edmund, 5th Earl of March (1391–1425), and Roger (1393–1413?), as well as a sister, Eleanor.[3]
Anne’s father was a descendant of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, second surviving son of King Edward III of England, an ancestry which made Mortimer a potential heir to the throne during the reign of the childless King Richard II. Upon Roger Mortimer’s death in 1398, this claim passed to his son and heir, Anne’s brother Edmund, Earl of March.[5] In 1399, Richard II was deposed by Henry IV, of the House of Lancaster, making Edmund Mortimer a dynastic threat to the new king, who in turn placed both Edmund and his brother Roger under royal custody.”
WIKIPEDIA
ANNE DE MORTIMER/EARLY LIFE
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA
ANNE DE MORTIMER
[25]
KORTE STAMBOOM/AFSTAMMING RICHARD, HERTOG VAN YORK VAN DE TWEEDEZOON VAN EDWARD III
VOORAF:
KING EDWARD III [married with Philippa of Hainault
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England
A
LIONEL OF ANTWERP, FIRST DUKE OF CLARENCE ENDE TWEEDE ZOON VAN EDWARD III [ [married with Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh,_4th_Countess_of_Ulster
B
PHILIPPA OF CLARENCE, 5TH COUNTESS OF ULSTER, DOCHTER VAN LIONEL OF ANTWERP EN ELIZABETH DE BURGH:
PHILIPPA OF CLARENCE, 5TH COUNTESS OF ULSTER[Married with Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa,_5th_Countess_of_Ulster
C
ROGER MORTIMER, FOURTH EARL OF MARCH, ZOON VAN PHILIPPA OF CLARENCE EN EDMUND MORTIMER, 3RD EARL OF MARCH.[Married with Alianore Holland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March
D
ANNE DE MORTIMER, DOCHTER VAN ROGER MORTIMER, 4RD EARLOF MARCH EN ALIANORE HOLLAND [Married Richard of Conisburgh, Third Earl of Cambridge en zoonvan Edmund of Langley, First Duke of York,, vierde zoon van Edward III ]
E
RICHARD, THIRD DUKE OF YORK [Titel erfde hij van de oudere broervan zijn vader Richard Conisburgh, genaamd Edmund, second Duke of York,die kinderloos overleed][Married Cecily Neville, uit de beroemde en invloedrijke familie Neville]
RICHARD, HERTOG VAN YORK WAS DE VADER VAN DE LATERE KONINGEN EDWARD IV EN RICHARD III [MOEDER WAS CECILY NEVILLE]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
[26]
WIKIPEDIAUSURPATOR
[27]
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND MORTIMER, 5TH EARL OF MARCH
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
[28]
WIKIPEDIAHENRY V OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England
[29]
WIKIPEDIASOUTHAMPTON PLOT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Plot
[30]
WIKIPEDIASOUTHAMPTON PLOT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Plot
NEVILFEASTLETTERS OF RICHARD EARL OF CAMBRIDGE TO HENRY V
https://nevillfeast.wordpress.com/2011/03/10/letters-from-richard-earl-of-cambridge-to-henry-v/
TEXT
In 1415, when his son, Richard (later duke of York), was four years old, Richard, earl of Cambridge, was “accused of a treasonable conspiracy, indicted, convicted and beheaded” (p45). This has come to be known as the Southampton Plot. During his captivity he wrote two letters to the king, Henry V: a letter of confession and a plea for mercy, “but neither had any effect upon Henry” (p45).
Cambridge’s letter of confession:
My most dredfulle and sovereyne lege Lord, lyke to yowre hynesse to wete touchyng the purpose cast ageyns ʒowre hye estate. Havyng ye Erle of Marche by his aune assent, and by the assent of myself, Wher of y most me repent of all worde [worldly] thyng and by the acord of the lord Scrop and Sir Thomas Grey, to have hadde ye forseyd erle into the lond of Walys wyth outyn yowre lycence, takying upon hym the sovereynte of ʒys lond; ʒyf yondyr manis persone wych they callyn kynge Richard hadde nauth bene alyve, as Y wot wel yat he nys not alyve, for the wyche poynt I putte me holy in ʒowre grace. And as for ye forme of a proclamacyon wych schulde hadde bene cryde in ye Erle name, as he heyre to the Corowne of Ynglond ageyns ʒow, my lege lord, calde by auntreu [untrue] name Harry of Lancastre usurpur of Yngland, to the entent to hadde made the more people to hadde draune to hym and from ʒow, of the wych crye Scrop knew not of by me, but Grey dyd, havyng wyth the erle a baner of ye Armes of Ynglond, havyng also ye coroune of Speyne on a palet, wych, my lege Lord, is one of ʒowre weddys, for ye wych offence y put me holy in ʒowre grace. And as for ye p’pose takyn by Unfrevyle and Wederyngtoun for ye bryngyng in of that persone whych they namyd kyng Richard, and Herry Percye oute of Scotland wyth a power of Scottys, and theyre power togedyrs neyming to theyme able to geve ʒow a bataylle, of ye wych entent Sir Thomas Grey wyste of, and i also, but nauth Scrop as by me; of ye wych knawing i submytte me holy into ʒowre grace. And as touchyng the Erle of Marche, and Lusy hys man, they seyden me both yat the Erle was nauth schreven of a great whyle, but at all hys confessours putte hym in penaunce to clayme yat yey callyddyn hys ryth that wold be that tyme that every iknew, heny thyng yat ever to hym longyd … … … Of ye which poynttes and artycles here befor wretyn, and of al odyr wych now arne nauth in mynde, but treuly as oft as heny to myn mynd fallyn i schal deuly and treuly certefye now thee of, besekyng to now, my lege Lord, for hys love yat syffyrd passyoun on ye good fryday see compassyoun on me ʒowre lege men, and yf heny of thes persones whos names arne contenyd in ʒyz tyme, i schalle be redy wyth the myth of god to make hyt good, as ʒee my lege Lord will awarde me.
_____________________
_____________________
A plea for mercyMyn most dredfull and sovereyne Lege Lord, i Richard York ʒowre humble subgyt and very lege man, beseke ʒow of Grace of al maner offenses wych y have done or assentyd to in heny kynde, by steryng of odyr folke eggynge me yer to, where in y wote wel i have hyll offendyd to ʒowre Hynesse; besechyng ʒow at the reverence of God yat ʒyke to take me in to the handys of ʒowre gred goodnesse. My lege Lord, my fulle trust is yat ʒee wylle have consyderacyoun, thauth yat myn persone be of none valwe, ʒowre hye goodnesse wher God hath sette ʒow in so hye estat to every lege man yat to ʒow longyth plenteousely to geve grace, yat ʒow lyke to accept ʒys myn symple reqwest for ye love of oure Lady and of ye blysfulle Holy Gost, to whome I pray yat yey mot ʒowre hert enduce to all pyte and grace for yeyre hye goodnesse.
[30]
R.I.P.
Latin requiēscat (or requiēscant) in pāce
[31]
ZIE NOOT 25
[32]
KORT:De Beauforts, ook wel de ”onwettige” tak van het Huis Lancaster genoemd, behoorden feitelijk helemaal niet tot het Huis Lancaster,.aangezien zijgeen kinderen waren van John of Gaunt [derde zoon van Edward III]en zijn eerste vrouw, Blanche of Lancaster, maar afstamden van John of Gaunt en zijn DERDE vrouw, Katherine Swynford:
John of Gaunt’s eerste vrouw, Blanche of Lancaster, was de dochter van Henry Grosmont, de eerste hertog van Lancaster [zijn vader was Graaf Henry of Lancaster] en als zodanig erfde John of Gaunt de hertogelijke titel van zijnvrouw.”Jure uxoris”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris
John of Gaunt’s zoon, Henry Bolingbroke, de latere Henry IV, was ook de zoon van Blanche of Lancaster en als zodanig een Lancaster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster
DE BEAUFORTS echter waren dus kinderen van John of Lancaster en zijn derde vrouw Katherine Swynford, zijn gewezen maitresse.Omdat zij waren geboren tijdens het huwelijk van John of Gaunt, waren ze onwettig, maar werden achteraf gewettigd door zowel Richard II als Paus Bonifacius IX en kregen de naam Beaufort.
Maar met de fysieke Lancaster afstamming hadden zij dus niets te maken.Wat hen echter een rol gaf, was dat zij halfbroers/zusters waren van de eerste Lancaster koning, Henry IV en dus partij werden in het conflict .
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF BEAUFORT
[33]
WIKIPEDIAMARGARET OF ANJOU
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET
[34]
WIKIPEDIARICHARD, 3RD DUKE OF YORK, PROTECTOR OF THE REALM, 1453-1455
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York#Protector_of_the_Realm,_1453–1455
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD, 3RD DUKE OF YORK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET, POLITICAL POWER AND CONFLICT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset#Political_power_and_conflict
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VI OF ENGLAND
[35]
WIKIPEDIAFIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS
”The first battle of St Albans was relatively minor in military terms,[dubious – discuss] but politically was a complete victory for York and the Nevilles: York had captured the king and restored himself to complete power, while Somerset and the Nevilles’ northern rivals Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland and Lord Clifford all fell during the rout”
WIKIPEDIAFIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS/RESULT
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAFIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS
[36]
”By now York was determined to depose Somerset by one means or another, and in May 1455 he raised an army. He confronted Somerset and the King in an engagement known as the First Battle of St Albans which marked the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. Somerset was killed in a last wild charge from the house where he had been sheltering.
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET/POLITICAL POWER AND CONFLICT
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET
[37]
WIKIPEDIAWARS OF THE ROSES
[38]
WIKIPEDIALOVEDAY, 1458
[39]
”The Act of Accord was passed by the English Parliament on 25 October 1460,[1] three weeks after Richard, Duke of York, had entered the Council Chamber and laid his hand on the empty throne. Under the Act, King Henry VI of England was to retain the crown for life but York and his heirs were to succeed, excluding Henry’s son, Edward of Westminster. Henry was forced to agree to the Act.”
WIKIPEDIAACT OF ACCORD
[40]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF WAKEFIELD
[41]
WIKIPEDIAGAME OF THRONES
[42]
”When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.There is no middle ground”[Cersei Lannister in the Game of Thrones]
YOUTUBE.COMCERSEI LANNISTER: IN THE GAME OF THRONES YOU WIN OR YOU DIE
”The title of the episode is part of a quote from Cersei Lannister during the final confrontation with Eddard: “When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground.”
WIKIPEDIAYOU WIN OR YOU DIE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Win_or_You_Die
[43]
De term voor Edward IV ”Rozenoorlogkoning” houdt verband met het feit, dat Edward, als 7de Earl [Graaf] van March en erfgenaam van zijn vader de hertog van York, letterlijk met ”bloed, zweet en tranen” voor de troon heeft moeten vechten:Zijn vaders superieure claim op de troon [van moederskant afstammend van de TWEEDE zoon van Edward III, terwijl de Lancasters afstamden van de DERDEzoon] ging na zijn vaders dood op hem over.En dan was er ook nog het [van koning Henry VI afgedwongen] Act of Accord, dat inhield, dat Henry VI tijdens zijn leven zou regeren, maar dat na zijn dood de hertog van York en zijn erfgenamen de troon zouden bestijgen [waarmee de eigen zoon van de koning, Edward van Westminster, werd gepasseerd]Helemaal ”eerlijk” was de troonsbestijging van Edward IV [ondanks zijn superieure claim dus niet, want Henry VI was op dat moment nog in leven…..
MAAR GOED:Edward heeft dus keihard moeten vechten voor zijn troon en tijdens zijn bewind hebben de meeste veldslagen van de Rozenoorlogen plaatsgehad….
ZIE AAN DE RECHTERKANT VAN ONDERSTAANDE LINK
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warsoftheroses.htm
[44]
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
[45]
WIKIPEDIARICHARD III OF ENGLAND/KING OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England#King_of_England
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD III OF ENGLAND
[46]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF BOSWORTH [BATTLE OF BOSWORTH FIELD]
[47]
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VII OF ENGLAND/ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VII OF ENGLAND
[48]
”She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (1404–1444), a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (third surviving son of King Edward III) by his mistress Katherine Swynford.”
WIKIPEDIALADY MARGARET BEAUFORT/ORIGINS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort#Origins
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIALADY MARGARET BEAUFORT
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF BEAUFORT
[49]
”The Battle of Bosworth Field (or Battle of Bosworth) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by the Lancastrians. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty by his victory and subsequent marriage to a Yorkist princess. His opponent Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed during the battle, the last English monarch to die in battle. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it one of the defining moments of English history.”
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF BOSWORTH [BATTLE OF BOSWORTH FIELD]
[50]
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF TUDOR
[51]
”Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival House of York, and he took the throne by right of conquest”
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF TUDOR
WIKIPEDIARIGHT OF CONQUEST
[52]
”By 1483, Henry’s mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV, who was also Edward’s heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VII OF ENGLAND/RISE TO THE THRONE
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VII OF ENGLAND
[53]
”The family is descended from John of Gaunt by his then-mistress Katherine Swynford. Gaunt married Swynford in 1396, and their children were legitimized by Richard II and Pope Boniface IX. ”
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF BEAUFORT
[54]
ZIE NOOT 25
[55]
WIKIPEDIA MARGARET OF ANJOU
WIKIPEDIAELIZABETH OF YORK
[56]
QUEEN BY RIGHT OF QUEEN REGNANT
”A queen regnant (plural: queens regnant) is a female monarch, equivalent in rank to a king, who reigns in her own right, as opposed to a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king, or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and reigns temporarily in the child’s stead”
WIKIPEDIAQUEEN REGNANT
WIKIPEDIAQUEEN CONSORT
[57]
”Three of Richard’s sisters married dukes (the youngest Cecily, marrying Richard, Duke of York), and Richard himself married Alice Montacute, daughter and heiress of Thomas Montacute, the Earl of Salisbury………..”At the time of the marriage, the Salisbury inheritance was not guaranteed, as not only was Earl Thomas still alive, but in 1424 he remarried (to Alice Chaucer, granddaughter of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer). This second marriage was without issue and when the Earl Thomas Montacute died in 1428, Richard Neville and Alice were confirmed as the Earl and Countess of Salisbury. From this point on, Richard Neville will be referred to as Salisbury.”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 5TH EARL OF SALISBURY/BACKGROUND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury#Background
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 5TH EARL OF SALISBURY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury
WIKIPEDIAJURE UXORIS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris
[58]
ZIE NOOT 57
[59]
”But the male line of the Nevilles was of native origin, and the family may well have been part of the pre-conquest aristocracy of Northumbria.[1] The continuation of landowning among such native families was more common in the far north of England than further south.”
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF NEVILLE/ORIGINS
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF NEVILLE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Neville
[60]
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF NEVILLE/WARS OF THE ROSES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Neville#Wars_of_the_Roses
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF NEVILLE
[61]
”Cecily Neville (3 May 1415 – 31 May 1495) was an English noblewoman, the wife of Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460), and the mother of two kings of England, Edward IV and Richard III. Cecily Neville was known as “the Rose of Raby”, because she was born at Raby Castle in Durham, and “Proud Cis”, because of her pride and a temper that went with it, although she was also known for her piety. She herself signed her name “Cecylle”.”
WIKIPEDIACECILY NEVILLE, DUCHESS OF YORK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York
CECILY NEVILLE, DUCHESS [HERTOGIN] OF YORK, WAS DE ZUSTER VAN DE VADER VAN DE 16DE GRAAF VAN WARWICK [THE KINGMAKER],RICHARD, DE VIJFDE GRAAF VAN SALISBURYMET ANDERE WOORDEN:CECILY NEVILLE, DUCHESS OF YORK WAS WARWICK’S TANTE.
ZIE OOK
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 5TH EARL OF SALISBURY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury
[62]
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/BECOMING WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Becoming_Warwick
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
[63]
BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER/COUSIN AGAINST COUSIN
VOORBEELD:
IN DE SLAG BIJ NORTHAMPTON [1460] STONDEN DE LATERE EDWARD IV [TOEN NOG EDWARD OF YORK, 7DE EARL OF MARCH] EN DE GRAAF VAN WARWICK TEGENOVER ONDER ANDERE HUN NEEF, THOMAS PERCY, EERSTE BARON EGREMONT, DIE AAN DE LANCASTER KANT VOCHT EN IN DEZE SLAG SNEUVELDE
THOMAS PERCY WAS EEN ZOON VAN HENRY PERCY, TWEEDE GRAAF VAN NORTHUMBERLAND EN LADY ELEANOR NEVILLE, DE ZUSTERVAN CECILY OF YORK-NEVILLE [MOEDER VAN EDWARD IV] EN RICHARD,VIJFDE GRAAF VAN SALISBURY, DE VADER VAN GRAAF WARWICK
WIKIPEDIATHOMAS PERCY, 1ST BARON EGREMONT
WIKIPEDIA BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON (1460)
IN DE SLAG BIJ TOWTON [1461] STONDEN EDWARD IV [TOEN NET TOT KONING GEKROOND, WAARMEE HIJ HENRY VI VERVING] EN DE GRAAF VAN WARWICK, SAMEN MET ANDERE FAMILIELEDEN, ONDER ANDERE TEGENOVER HENRY PERCY, DE DERDE GRAAF VAN NORTHUMBERLAND EN BROER VAN THOMAS PERCY, EERSTE BARON VAN EGREMONT[ZIE DIRECT HIERBOVEN]DUS WEER TEGENOVER EEN NEEF, DIE AAN DE KANT VAN LANCASTER VOCHT.OOK HENRY PERCY SNEUVELDE, IN DE SLAG BIJ TOWTON
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF TOWTON
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Towton
WIKIPEDIAHENRY PERCY, 3RD EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND
EN ZO GING HET SCHERING EN INSLAGBROTHER AGAINST BROTHER/COUSIN AGAINST COUSIN……
[64]
The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with the Red Rose of Lancaster, and the House of York, whose symbol was the White Rose of York. Eventually, the wars eliminated the male lines of both families.
WIKIPEDIAWARS OF THE ROSES
[65]
WIKIPEDIASOUTHAMPTON PLOT
Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.[2] It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.[98] However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, great-grandson of Edward III’s second surviving son, Lionel. Bolingbroke’s father, John of Gaunt, was Edward’s third son to survive to adulthood”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND/DOWNFALL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Downfall
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA RICHARD II OF ENGLAND
[66]
WIKIPEDIASOUTHAMPTON PLOT
[67]
ZIE NOOT 23 EN 65
[68]
ZIE NOOT 23
[69]
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET/POLITICAL POWER AND CONFLICT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset#Political_power_and_conflict
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset
[70]
ZIE NOOT 69
ZIE OOK
WIKIPEDIA FIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans
[71]
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VI OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England
[72]
WIKIPEDIARICHARD OF YORK, 3RD DUKE OF YORK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York
WIKIPEDIAEDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset
[73]
”Margaret at the time seven months pregnant, attempted to claim the regency, but gained no support. It was given instead to Henry’s cousin, Richard, Duke of York, much to the annoyance of the Queen, who strongly felt that she and her party should govern England.”
ENGLISH MONARCHSMARGARET OF ANJOU
http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet_26.html
[74]
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSESMARK GOACHER
[75]
”What Cade and York were challenging was the improper influence of the king’s advisors on the application of royal authority. It is difficult to regard this as anything other than a tactic intended to prevent the imputation of treason against them. In York’s case he embellished his complaints with the inference that the king was the innocent victim of evil councillors. It was a situation from which York — the king’s true and loyal subject — would recue him; thus, allowing him to rule properly as was always his intention.
DUKE RICHARD, THE 3RD DUKE OF YORK, THE KING’S TRUE LIEGEMAN?
[76]
ZIE NOOT 23
ZIE OOK
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSESMARK GOACHER
[77]
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSESMARK GOACHER
[77]
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VI OF ENGLAND/INSANITY AND THE ASCENDANCY OF YORK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England#Insanity,_and_the_ascendancy_of_York
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAHENRY VI OF ENGLAND
[78]
[78]
”When Richard, Duke of York, unsuccessfully rose up against the king in 1452, both Warwick and his father rallied to the side of King Henry VI”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK, BECOMING WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Becoming_Warwick
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[79]
CON IGGULDENTRINITY
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22468475-trinity
CON IGGULDEN [Vertaald in het Nederlands]HET DRIEVOUDIG VERBOND
https://www.bol.com/nl/f/de-rozenoorlogen-het-drievoudig-verbond/9200000036034854/
[80]
STAMBOOM, WAARUIT HET ZWAGERSCHAP VAN RICHARD NEVILLE, 16E GRAAF VAN WARWICK MET EDMUND BEAUFORT, 2DE HERTOG VAN SOMERSET, IS AF TE LEIDEN.HUN VROUWEN WAREN ELKAARS HALFZUSTERS, KINDEREN VANRICHARD, 13E GRAAF VAN WARWICK UIT ZIJN EERSTE EN TWEEDE HUWELIJKZIE DIRECT HIERONDER:
RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, 13E GRAAF VAN WARWICKUIT ZIJN EERSTE HUWELIJK MET ELIZABETH DE BERKELEY WERDEN GEBOREN:
MARGARET BEAUCHAMP, DE LATERE COUNTESS OF SHRESBURYELEANOR BEAUCHAMP, DE LATERE DUCHESS OF SOMERSETELIZABETH BEAUCHAMP, DE LATERE BARONESS LATIMER
UIT ZIJN TWEEDE HUWELIJK MET ISABEL LE DESPENSER WERDEN GEBOREN
HENRY, 14E GRAAF VAN WARWICK [OVERLEDEN IN 1446]ANNE [DIE DAARDOOR LATER DE TITEL ERFDE], 16E GRAAF VAN WARWICK[NA HET OVERLIJDEN VAN DE DOCHTER VAN HAAR BROER HENRY, OOKEEN ANNE [OVERLEDEN IN 1449]
ZIEHIER DE DRAMATIS PERSONAE
RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, 13E GRAAF VAN WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick
ZIJN EERSTE VROUW ELIZABETH DE BERKELEY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkeley,_Countess_of_Warwick
HUN DRIE DOCHTERS
MARGARET, COUNTESS OF SHREWSBURY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Beauchamp,_Countess_of_Shrewsbury
ELEANOR, DUCHESS OF SOMERSET, GETROUWD MET EDMUND BEAUFORT, 2E HERTOG VAN SOMERSET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Beauchamp,_Duchess_of_Somerset
ELIZABETH, BARONESS LATIMER [GEEN WIKIPEDIA]
TWEEDE VROUW VAN RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, 13E GRAAF VAN WARWICK
ISABEL LE DESPENSER
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Despenser,_Countess_of_Warwick
ZOON EN DOCHTER UIT DIT TWEEDE HUWELIJK
HENRY BEAUCHAMP, 14E GRAAF VAN WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beauchamp,_1st_Duke_of_Warwick
ANNE BEAUCHAMP, 16E GRAVIN VAN WARWICKGETROUWD MET RICHARD NEVILLE, 16E GRAAF VAN WARWICK [JURE UXORIS]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Beauchamp,_16th_Countess_of_Warwick
[81]
”In June 1453, Somerset was granted custody of the lordship of Glamorgan – part of the Despenser heritage held by Warwick until then – and open conflict broke out between the two men.[15] Then, in the summer of that year, King Henry fell ill.[16] Somerset was a favourite of the king and Queen Margaret, and with the king incapacitated he was virtually in complete control of government.[17] This put Warwick at a disadvantage in his dispute with Somerset, and drove him into collaboration with York”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/CIVIL WAR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Civil_War
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
[82]
” The political climate, influenced by the military defeat in France, then started turning against Somerset. On 27 March 1454, a group of royal councillors appointed the Duke of York protector of the realm.[19] York could now count on the support not only of Warwick, but also of Warwick’s father Salisbury, who had become more deeply involved in disputes with the House of Percy in the north of England
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/CIVIL WAR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Civil_War
ORIGINELE BRONWIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[83]
WIKIPEDIAPERCY-NEVILLE FEUD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy–Neville_feud
[84]
WIKIPEDIAFIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
[85]
Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont (29 November 1422 – 10 July 1460) was the son of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, and Eleanor Neville, being made Lord Egremont in 1449. A northern baron, he became a leading figure in the internecine Percy-Neville feud, fighting at the Battle of Heworth Moor. When the Wars of the Roses began mid-decade, Egremont fought for the king on the Lancastrian side, being killed five years later at the Battle of Northampton.
WIKIPEDIATHOMAS PERCY, 1ST BARON EGREMONT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Baron_Egremont
ZOALS TE LEZEN [ZIE BOVENSTAANDE]
HET TRIESTE WAS, DAT DEZE THOMAS PERCY DE ZOON WAS VANGENOEMDE LORD PERCY, MAAR OOK VAN ELEANOR NEVILLE, TANTE VAN VADERSZIJDE [ZUSTER VAN ZIJN VADER] VAN WARWICK EN TANTE VAN MOEDERSZIJDE VAN DE LATERE EDWARD IV [ZUSTER VAN ZIJN MOEDER CECILY NEVILLE] , TOEN NOG DE 7E EARL OF MARCH [ZOON VAN DE HERTOG VAN YORK]
IN DE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON STREED THOMAS PERCY TEGEN ZIJN NEVEN WARWICK EN DE EARL OF MARCH [ZOON VAN DE HERTOG VAN YORK] EN SNEUVELDE
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON (1460)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)
[86]
YOUTUBE.COMTHE CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES
WIKIPEDIAPERCY-NEVILLE FEUD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy–Neville_feud
WIKIPEDIAHUNDRED YEARS WAR
[87]
BELANGRIJKE EDELEN, DIE GETROUWEN WAREN VAN KONING HENRY VI:
Edmund Beaufort, 2de hertog van York
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset
Henry Percy, 2e Graaf van Northumberland, getrouwd met Lady Eleanor Neville, zuster van Richard Neville [de vader van Warwick, tegenpartij en bondgenoot van York] en Cecily Neville, vrouw van de hertog van York.
Humphrey Stafford, Eerste hertog van Buckingham , getrouwd met Lady Anne Neville, ook een zuster van Richard Neville en Cecily Neville, vrouw van de hertog van YorkToen al liepen de Families in de Rozenoorlogen door elkaar!
HENRY PERCY, TWEEDE GRAAF VAN NORTHUMBERLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland
HUMPHREY STAFFORD, EERSTE HERTOG VAN BUCKINGHAM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham
Eleanor Neville, Richard Neville en Cecily Nevilles zuster, Humphrey Stafford, Eerste hertog van Buckingham en getrouwd met de zuster van Warwick’s vader, Lady Anne Neville, die eveneens de zuster was van Cecily Neville, de vrouw van de hertog van York/Toen al stonden de families tegenover elkaar]
[88]
WIKIPEDIAFIRST BATTLE OF ST ALBANS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans
[89]
WIKIPEDIAWARS OF THE ROSES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
DE DRIE RICHARDS WERDEN DOOR HET ”PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS” ALS VERRADERS GEBRANDMERKT [FIGUURLIJK] EN HUN BEZITTINGEN VERBEURD VERKLAARD [ATTAINDER]DIT WAS VOORAL HET WERK VAN MARGARETHA VAN ANJOUKONING HENRY VI NEIGDE ALTIJD TOT VERGEVINGSGEZINDHEIDIK DENK, DAT DE PASSAGE [ZIE HET LAATSTE CITAAT, NA DE STIPPELLIJNEN] WAARBIJ VOLLEDIG PARDON WERD AANGEBODEN VOOR WIE ZICH AAN DE KONING ONDERWIERP, VAN DE HAND VAN HENRY VI KWAM……
”The Parliament opened in the chapter house of St. Mary’s priory with a speech by the chancellor, William Waynflete, bishop of Winchester, preaching on the text ‘Grace to you and peace be multiplied’, but the government’s purpose was undoubtedly to condemn York and his kinsmen and allies as traitors. A bill accused twenty-four persons of levying war against the King at Blore Heath and Ludford, and three more (including the countess of Salisbury) of plotting his death elsewhere. It recited York’s treasons since 1450; what had been done at St. Albans (in 1455 when the duke had eliminated several of his political opponents in a pitched battle in the streets of the town) had been an ‘execrabill and moost detestable dede’, prompted by ‘the moost diabolique unkyndnesse and wrecched envye’. Attainder was fully justified, whereby the traitors were condemned to death and all their possessions declared forfeit. Furthermore, their heirs were to be barred from inheritance forever”…………”The chancellor’s choice of text for his sermon could be taken to imply an intention to pursue peace by softening the rigour of justice with the King’s prerogative of mercy, and at the end of the session Henry VI did indeed mitigate the effects of the act of attainder, insisting on a proviso that he could grant full pardon and restoration to those who humbly sought his grace”
THE HISTORY OF PARLIAMENTON THIS DAY: 20 NOVEMBER 1459, THE ”PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS” ASSEMBLES AT COVENTRY
https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/medieval/day-20-november-1459-parliament-devils-assembles-coventry
”The main business of the Parliament was to pass bills of attainder for High treason against the leading Yorkist nobles, following the start of a new stage in the Wars of the Roses and the Battle of Ludford Bridge.”
WIKIPEDIAPARLIAMENT OF DEVILS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Devils
”A bill of attainder (also known as an act of attainder or writ of attainder or bill of pains and penalties) is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial. As with attainder resulting from the normal judicial process, the effect of such a bill is to nullify the targeted person’s civil rights, most notably the right to own property (and thus pass it on to heirs), the right to a title of nobility, and, in at least the original usage, the right to life itself.”
WIKIPEDIABILL OF ATTAINDER
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder
NA DEZE HANDELINGEN VAN HET PARLIAMENT OF DEVILS, ONTVLUCHTTEN DE DRIE RICHARDS [MET YORK’S ZOON EDWARD, DE EARL OF MARCH, LATER EDWARD IV] HET LAND
YORK NAAR IERLAND, WARWICK, NEEF EDWARD [EARL OF MARCH] EN VADER RICHARD NEVILLE, 5E GRAAF VAN SALISBURY, NAAR FRANKRIJK, CALAIS [LAATSTE ENGELSE BOLWERK IN FRANKRIJK,WARWICK WAS KAPITEIN VAN CALAIS
”Forced to flee the country, York left for Dublin, Ireland, with his second son Edmund, Earl of Rutland, while Warwick and Salisbury sailed to Calais, accompanied by the Duke’s son, Edward, Earl of March (the future King Edward IV).”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/HOUSE OF YORK TRIUMPHANT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#House_of_York_triumphant
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA
RICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[90]
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD OF WESTMINSTER, PRINCE OF WALES
[91]
‘Forced to flee the country, York left for Dublin, Ireland, with his second son Edmund, Earl of Rutland, while Warwick and Salisbury sailed to Calais, accompanied by the Duke’s son, Edward, Earl of March (the future King Edward IV).”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/HOUSE OF YORK TRIUMPHANT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#House_of_York_triumphant
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
‘
[92]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON (1460)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)
[93]
”The Act of Accord was passed by the English Parliament on 25 October 1460,[1] three weeks after Richard, Duke of York, had entered the Council Chamber and laid his hand on the empty throne. Under the Act, King Henry VI of England was to retain the crown for life but York and his heirs were to succeed, excluding Henry’s son, Edward of Westminster. Henry was forced to agree to the Act.”
WIKIPEDIAACT OF ACCORD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Accord
[94]
”The Duke of York was either killed in the battle or captured and immediately executed. Some later works support the folklore that he suffered a crippling wound to the knee and was unhorsed, and he and his closest followers then fought to the death at that spot;[38] others relate the account that he was taken prisoner (by one Sir James Luttrell of Devonshire), mocked by his captors and beheaded.[40]
His son Edmund, Earl of Rutland attempted to escape over Wakefield Bridge, but was overtaken and killed, possibly by Clifford in revenge for his father’s death at St Albans. Salisbury’s second son Sir Thomas Neville also died in the battle.[21] Salisbury’s son in law William, Lord Harington and Harington’s father, William Bonville, were captured and executed immediately after the battle. (The Bonvilles had been engaged in a feud with the Earl of Devon and the Courtenay family in Devon and Cornwall.) Salisbury himself escaped the battlefield but was captured during the night, and was taken to the Lancastrian camp. Although the Lancastrian nobles might have been prepared to allow Salisbury to ransom himself, he was dragged out of Pontefract Castle and beheaded by local commoners, to whom he had been a harsh overlord”
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF WAKEFIELD/CASUALTIES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#Casualties
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF WAKEFIELD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield
[95]
[95]
”The death of his father left Edward, now Duke of York, at the head of the Yorkist faction. He defeated a Lancastrian army at Mortimer’s Cross in Herefordshire on 2–3 February 1461. He then united his forces with those of Warwick, whom Margaret’s army had defeated at the Second Battle of St Albans (17 February 1461), during which Henry VI had been rescued by his supporters.[7] Edward’s father had restricted his ambitions to becoming Henry’s heir, but Edward now took the more radical step of proclaiming himself king in March 1461.[7] He then advanced against the Lancastrians, having his life saved on the battlefield by the Welsh Knight Sir David Ap Mathew. He defeated the Lancastrian army in the exceptionally bloody Battle of Towton in Yorkshire on 29 March 1461.[8] Edward had effectively broken the military strength of the Lancastrians, and he returned to London for his coronation. King Edward IV named Sir David Ap Mathew Standard Bearer of England and allowed him to use “Towton” on the Mathew family crest.”
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/ACCESSION TO THE THRONE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
[96]
WIKIPEDIAACT OF ACCORD
[97]
”Warwick’s position after the accession of Edward IV was stronger than ever.[59] He had now succeeded to his father’s possessions, and in 1462 he also inherited his mother’s lands and the Salisbury title.[60] Altogether he had an annual income from his lands of over £7,000 far more than any other man in the realm but the king.[61] Edward confirmed Warwick’s position as Captain of Calais, and made him High Admiral of England and Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, along with several other offices”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/WARWICK’S APEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Warwick’s_apex
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[98]
””They have but two rulers, M. de Warwick and another whose name I have forgotten.”– The Governor of Abbeville in a letter to Louis XI[2][58]
AAN DE RECHTERKANT VAN
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/WARWICK’S APEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Warwick’s_apex
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick [99]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF MORTIMER’S CROSS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross
[100]
WIKIPEDIAJASPER TUDOR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Tudor
[101]
”I myself hold the opinion, that when King Edward would have concentratedon the military (he was an extremely capable military commander) and the Earl of Warwick on ruling and diplomacy, they whould have been made a deadly double and perhapsruled England happily together, if at least Edward had not fallen ill and diedso untimely.”
THE WARS OF THE ROSES/CAUSES OF THE WARS OF THE ROSES/A TRAVEL OF THE PASTASTRID ESSED3 FEBRUARI 2015
https://www.astridessed.nl/the-wars-of-the-rosescauses-of-the-wars-of-the-rosesa-travel-to-the-past/
[102]
”When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.There is no middle ground”[Cersei Lannister in the Game of Thrones]
YOUTUBE.COMCERSEI LANNISTER: IN THE GAME OF THRONES YOU WIN OR YOU DIE
”The title of the episode is part of a quote from Cersei Lannister during the final confrontation with Eddard: “When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground.”
WIKIPEDIAYOU WIN OR YOU DIE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Win_or_You_Die
[103]
”Sir John Grey was killed in the Second Battle of St Albans in 1461, fighting for the Lancastrian cause.[1] His widow, Dame Elizabeth Grey, later secretly married Edward IV who was the successful Yorkist claimant to the throne.”
WIKIPEDIAJOHN GREY OF GROBY/DEATH AT THE BATTLE OF ST ABLANS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grey_of_Groby#Death_at_the_battle_of_St_Albans
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAJOHN GREY OF GROBY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grey_of_Groby
[104]
”At the negotiations with the French, Warwick had intimated that King Edward was interested in a marriage arrangement with the French crown, the intended bride being Louis XI’s sister-in-law, Bona, daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy.[71] This marriage was not to be, however, because in September 1464, Edward revealed that he was already married, to Elizabeth Woodville.[72] The marriage caused great offence to Warwick: not only due to the fact that his plans had been sabotaged, but also the secrecy with which the king had acted.[73] The marriage – contracted on 1 May of the same year – was not made public before Warwick pressed Edward on the issue at a council meeting, and in the meanwhile Warwick had been unknowingly deceiving the French into believing the king was serious about the marriage proposal.”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/EARLY TENSIONS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Early_tensions
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[105]
For Edward the marriage may very well have been a love match, but in the long run he sought to build the Woodville family into a powerhouse independent of Warwick’s influence.[74] The marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville caused Warwick to lose his power and influence. He accused Elizabeth, and her mother Jacquetta of Luxembourg, of witchcraft to try and restore the power that he had lost
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/EARLY TENSIONS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Early_tensions
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
YOUTUBE.COMBRITAIN’S BLOODY CROWNTHE KINGMAKER MUST DIE/EP 2 OF 4 (WARS OF THE ROSES DOCUMENTARY
[106]
”VERRADER WILDE ZELF OP DE TROON
De Graaf van Warwick, bijgenaamd ”The Kingmaker” steunde Hendrik VI van het Huis van Lancaster met zijn rijkdom., welsprekendheid en leger.Hij liep over toen zijn neef van het huis York als Eduard IV werd gekroond.Uit machtswellust nam de Graaf van Warwick na een veldslag de koning gevangenen probeerde hij zelf op de Engelse troon te komen.”
Bladzijde 24Magazine ”Ontdek”Aflevering:De geschiedenis achter Game of Thrones
[107]
This was not enough to cause a complete fallout between the two men, though from this point on Warwick increasingly stayed away from court.[76] The promotion of Warwick’s brother George to Archbishop of York shows that the earl was still in favour with the king. In July 1465, when Henry VI was once more captured, it was Warwick who escorted the fallen king to his captivity in the Tower.
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/EARLY TENSIONS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Early_tensions
WIKIPEDIA
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[108]
”The Burgundian party was a political allegiance against France that formed during the latter half of the Hundred Years’ War. The term “Burgundians” refers to the supporters of the Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless, that formed after the assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans. Their opposition to the Armagnac party, the supporters of Charles, Duke of Orléans, led to a civil war.”
WIKIPEDIABURGUNDIAN (PARTY)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_(party)
”The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to transfer her to their custody, with Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, an English partisan, assuming a prominent role in these negotiations and her later trial.[68] The final agreement called for the English to pay the sum of 10,000 livres tournois[69] to obtain her from Jean de Luxembourg, a member of the Council of Duke Philip of Burgundy.”
WIKIPEDIAJOAN OF ARC/CAPTURE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc#Capture
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAJOAN OF ARC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
[109]
””They have but two rulers, M. de Warwick and another whose name I have forgotten.”– The Governor of Abbeville in a letter to Louis XI[2][58]
AAN DE RECHTERKANT VAN
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/WARWICK’S APEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Warwick’s_apex
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[110]
”Meanwhile, Edward’s father-in-law, Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers, who had been created treasurer, was in favour of a Burgundian alliance.[80] This set up internal conflict within the English court, which was not alleviated by the fact that Edward had signed a secret treaty in October with Burgundy, while Warwick was forced to carry on sham negotiations with the French”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/EARLY TENSIONS’
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Early_tensions
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
WIKIPEDIAMARGARET OF YORK/MARRIAGE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_York#Marriage
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAMARGARET OF YORK
[111]
Meanwhile, Edward’s father-in-law, Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers, who had been created treasurer, was in favour of a Burgundian alliance
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/EARLY TENSIONS’
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Early_tensions
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[112]
WIKIPEDIAHUNDRED YEARS WAR/BEGINNING OF THE WAR: 1337-1360
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War#Beginning_of_the_war:_1337–1360
ORIGINELE BERICHT
WIKIPEDIAHUNDRED YEARS WAR
[113]
”Later, George Neville was dismissed as chancellor, while Edward refused to contemplate a marriage between Warwick’s oldest daughter Isabel, and Edward’s brother George, Duke of Clarence.[82] It became increasingly clear that Warwick’s position of dominance at court had been taken over by Rivers
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE. 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/EARLY TENSIONS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Early_tensions
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE. 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[114]
WARWICK ALS HOOFD VAN DE NEVILLE FAMILIE
Most of England’s leading families had remained loyal to Henry VI or remained uncommitted in the recent conflict. The new regime, therefore, relied heavily on the support of the Nevilles, who held vast estates and had been so instrumental in bringing Edward to the throne. However, the king increasingly became estranged from their leader the Earl of Warwick, due primarily to his marriage
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/OVERTHROW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Overthrow
Edward’s impetuous marriage to Elizabeth Woodville greatly offended the Nevilles, largely because Warwick had been negotiating several continental alliances to support Edward’s tenuous reign, including a marriage to one of several family members of Louis XI of France.
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
[115]
Warwick now orchestrated a rebellion in Yorkshire while he was away, led by a “Robin of Redesdale“.[87] Part of Warwick’s plan was winning over King Edward’s younger brother, George Plantagenet, possibly with the prospect of installing him on the throne
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[116]
WIKIPEDIAHOUSE OF NEVILLE/DISAFFECTION AND DEFECTION
Disaffection and defection
Warwick, now the richest man in England after the king, was the power behind the throne in Edward’s regime during its early years, but the two men later fell out.
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA
HOUSE OF NEVILLE
[117]
The king opposed the marriage as it would bring the already powerful Earl of Warwick too close to the throne. However the ceremony took place in secret at Calais on 11 July 1469, conducted by Isabel Neville’s uncle George Neville, archbishop of York.
WIKIPEDIA
ISABEL NEVILLE, DUCHESS OF CLARENCE/LIFE
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA
ISABEL NEVILLE, DUCHESS OF CLARENCE
”Warwick retired in dudgeon to his estates, and began to plot in secret for his revenge. In the summer of 1469 he went over to Calais, where Isabel and Clarence were married without the king’s knowledge. ”
LUMINARIUM
RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF WARWICK
”THE KINGMAKER”
(1428-1471)
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warwick.htm [118]
”Robin of Redesdale (fl. 1469), sometimes called “Robin Mend-All”, was the leader of an insurrection against King Edward IV of England.[1] His true identity is unknown, but it is thought he could have been either Sir John Conyers of Hornby (d. 1490) or his brother Sir William Conyers of Marske (d. 1469), or even both. Whoever he was, the power behind his rebellion was Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (“Warwick the Kingmaker”).”
WIKIPEDIAROBIN OF REDESDALE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_of_Redesdale
”Warwick now orchestrated a rebellion in Yorkshire while he was away, led by a “Robin of Redesdale“.[87] Part of Warwick’s plan was winning over King Edward’s younger brother, George Plantagenet, possibly with the prospect of installing him on the throne”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
[119]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF EDGECOTE
[120]
”Following the battle, Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers, father of the Yorkist Queen Elizabeth Woodville, and his second son John were taken prisoners at Chepstow. Following a hasty show trial, they were beheaded at Kenilworth on 12 August 1469”
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF EDGECOTE/THE REBELLION
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moor#The_rebellion
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF EDGECOTE
[121]
With his army now defeated, King Edward IV was taken under arrest by George Neville.[95] Warwick then imprisoned the king in Warwick Castle, and in August, the king was taken north to Middleham Castle.[96] In the long run, however, it proved impossible to rule without the king, and continuing disorder forced Warwick to release King Edward IV in September 1469
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[122]
At this point, Edward did not seek to destroy either Warwick or Clarence but sought reconciliation instead
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/OVERTHROW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Overthrow
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
”A modus vivendi had been achieved between Warwick and the king for some months, but the restoration of Henry Percy to Montagu’s earldom of Northumberland prevented any chance of full reconciliation.[97] A trap was set for the king when disturbances in Lincolnshire led him north, where he could be confronted by Warwick’s men.[98] Edward, however, discovered the plot when Robert, Lord Welles, was routed at Losecote Field in Rutland, and gave away the plan
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
[123]
”A few months later in March 1470, Warwick and Clarence chose this opportunity to rebel against Edward IV again”
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/OVERTHROW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Overthrow
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
”This time, Edward IV was forced to flee to Flanders when he learned that Warwick’s brother John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, had also switched to the Lancastrian side, making Edward’s military position untenable.[”WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/OVERTHROW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Overthrow
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
”Despite this matrimonial relationship with the Nevilles, when Warwick drove Edward IV into exile in 1470, Hastings went with Edward and accompanied the king back the following spring
WIKIPEDIAWILLIAM HASTINGS, 1ST BARON HASTINGS/BIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings#Biography
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAWILLIAM HASTINGS, 1ST BARON HASTINGS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings
”During the latter part of Edward IV’s reign, Richard demonstrated his loyalty to the king,[49] in contrast to their brother George who had allied himself with Warwick when the earl rebelled towards the end of the 1460s.[50] Following Warwick’s 1470 rebellion, before which he had made peace with Margaret of Anjou and promised the restoration of Henry VI to the English throne, Richard, William, Lord Hastings and Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers escaped capture at Doncaster by Warwick’s brother, Lord Montague.[51] On 2 October they sailed from King’s Lynn in two ships; Edward landed at Marsdiep and Richard at Zeeland.[52] It was said that, having left England in such haste as to possess almost nothing, Edward was forced to pay their passage with his fur cloak; certainly, Richard borrowed three pounds from Zeeland’s town bailiff.
WIKIPEDIARICHARD III OF ENGLAND/EXILE AND RETURN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England#Exile_and_return
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD III OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England
”Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne in 1470 in an event known as the Readeption of Henry VI, and Edward took refuge in Flanders, part of Burgundy, accompanied by his younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later King Richard III of England). The Duke of Burgundy had been Edward’s brother-in-law since the marriage of Edward’s sister Margaret of York to Charles, Duke of Burgundy, on 3 July 1468”
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/RESTORATION
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Restoration
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
[124]
”Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne in 1470 in an event known as the Readeption of Henry VI, and Edward took refuge in Flanders, part of Burgundy, accompanied by his younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later King Richard III of England). The Duke of Burgundy had been Edward’s brother-in-law since the marriage of Edward’s sister Margaret of York to Charles, Duke of Burgundy, on 3 July 1468”
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/RESTORATION
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Restoration
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
[125]
”Warwick soon gave up, and once more fled the country with Clarence. Denied access to Calais, they sought refuge with King Louis XI of France.[100] Louis arranged a reconciliation between Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, and as part of the agreement, Margaret and Henry’s son, Edward, Prince of Wales, would marry Warwick’s daughter Anne
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
”Warwick made an accord with Louis XI and Queen Margaret in which he agreed to restore Henry VI in return for French support for a military invasion of England”
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/OVERTHROW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Overthrow
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAEDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England
[126]
”On 30 December, at the Battle of Wakefield, York was killed, as were York’s second son Edmund, Earl of Rutland, and Warwick’s younger brother Thomas
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/HOUSE OF YORK TRIUMPHANT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#House_of_York_triumphant
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
[127]
Warwick soon gave up, and once more fled the country with Clarence. Denied access to Calais, they sought refuge with King Louis XI of France.[100] Louis arranged a reconciliation between Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, and as part of the agreement, Margaret and Henry’s son, Edward, Prince of Wales, would marry Warwick’s daughter Anne
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK/REBELLION AND DEATH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick#Rebellion_and_death
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK
[128]
WIKIPEDIABATTLE OF BARNET
[129]
”Henry VI rewarded Clarence by making him next in line to the throne after his own son, justifying the exclusion of Edward IV either by attainder for his treason against Henry VI or on the grounds of his alleged illegitimacy.[citation needed] After a short time, Clarence realized that his loyalty to his father-in-law was misplaced: Warwick had his younger daughter, Anne Neville, Clarence’s sister-in-law, marry Henry VI’s son in December 1470. This demonstrated that his father-in-law was less interested in making him king than in serving his own interests and, since it now seemed unlikely that Warwick would replace Edward IV with Clarence, Clarence was secretly reconciled with Edward ”
WIKIPEDIAGEORGE PLANTAGENET, 1ST DUKE OF CLARENCE/LIFE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence#Life
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIAGEORGE PLANTAGENET, 1ST DUKE OF CLARENCE
[130]
YOUTUBE.COMBRITAIN’S BLOODY CROWNTHE KINGMAKER MUST DIE/EP 2 OF 4 (WARS OF THE ROSES DOCUMENTARY
[131]
”Most of England’s leading families had remained loyal to Henry VI or remained uncommitted in the recent conflict. The new regime, therefore, relied heavily on the support of the Nevilles, who held vast estates and had been so instrumental in bringing Edward to the throne.”
WIKIPEDIA EDWARD IV OF ENGLAND/OVERTHROW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England#Overthrow
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIA EDWARD IV OF ENGLAND
[132]
”Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.[2] It was argued that Richard, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king.[98] However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, great-grandson of Edward III’s second surviving son, Lionel. Bolingbroke’s father, John of Gaunt, was Edward’s third son to survive to adulthood”
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND/DOWNFALL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England#Downfall
ORIGINELE BRON
WIKIPEDIARICHARD II OF ENGLAND
ZIE VOOR HET SUPERIEURE RECHT VAN HET HUIS YORK OP DE TROON, OOK DE NOTEN 24 EN 25
[133]
WIKIPEDIA BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY